{"id":2272,"date":"2018-10-25T09:16:33","date_gmt":"2018-10-25T09:16:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/?p=2272"},"modified":"2021-07-22T08:57:04","modified_gmt":"2021-07-22T08:57:04","slug":"how-belief-can-drive-recovery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/how-belief-can-drive-recovery\/","title":{"rendered":"How belief can drive recovery"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_2273\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2273\" class=\"wp-image-2273 size-medium lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-1800x1352.jpg 1800w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-1200x901.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-1536x1153.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-2048x1538.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/225;\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2273\" class=\"wp-image-2273 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-1800x1352.jpg 1800w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-1200x901.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-1536x1153.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brain-body-in-colour-iStock-896860768-2048x1538.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/noscript><p id=\"caption-attachment-2273\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">image: iStock photo<\/p><\/div>\n<p>When I worked in the pharmaceutical industry, the placebo effect was frequently dismissed as \u2018all in the mind\u2019 or \u2018psychosomatic\u2019. It wasn\u2019t a real improvement, it was believed, merely that people \u2018think\u2019 they\u2019re feeling better.<\/p>\n<p>This was conventional wisdom at that time and is still a widely held belief today. When a mother kisses a scrape or graze on their child\u2019s knee, the pain seems to reduce. Sometimes, an adult will feel better once they arrive to see the doctor. We tend not to imagine that some physical change in the brain has actually <em>caused\u00a0<\/em>the improvements.<\/p>\n<p>The truth is, physical changes do occur in the brain and they are caused by what the person believes or expects will happen.<\/p>\n<p>Take research into what is known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25806903\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">placebo analgesia<\/a>, for example, the reduction in pain that occurs when a person receives a placebo that they believe is a real painkiller. The analgesia occurs because the person\u2019s brain produces its own painkillers. They don\u2019t just \u2018think\u2019 they\u2019re feeling less pain. They actually DO feel less pain.<\/p>\n<p>A similar kind of thing has been observed with research into Parkinson\u2019s Disease. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fabrizio_Benedetti\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fabrizio Benedetti<\/a>, a neuroscientist at the University of Turin School of medicine and who runs the most advanced placebo research lab in the world, identified production of dopamine in the brain of Parkinson\u2019s patients who received placebo injections.<\/p>\n<p>He even measured activation of individual neurons that fired according to the how much placebo they\u2019d received. The net gain in movement and reduction in tremors wasn\u2019t just \u2018all in the mind\u2019 of the patients, nor did the patients just think they could move better but really they couldn\u2019t. The improvements were real and they were due to real physical changes in the brain driven by what the patients believed or expected would happen.<\/p>\n<p>In another of Benedetti\u2019s experiments, he enlisted volunteers to receive an injection of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capsaicin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">capsaicin<\/a> (aka chilli peppers) into their hands or feet. The volunteers thought they were participating in a trial of a new and powerful local anaesthetic, but the anaesthetic was really a placebo. They had the placebo cream applied to one of their hands or feet but not to the other and then the chilli pepper was injected into both. So, they might have the cream applied to the left hand but not the right, but the chilli pepper would be injected into both hands so that a comparison could be made.<\/p>\n<p>Upon injection, the pain was substantially less in the hand or foot that had the placebo anaesthetic cream applied but there was maximum pain in the other hand or foot. When Benedetti examined the brains of the volunteers, he found that the brains of the volunteers had produced their own natural versions of morphine, known as endogenous opioids.<\/p>\n<p>But even more impressive was that these opioids were produced only in the specific region of the brain governing the specific region of the left hand or foot that had the placebo cream applied.<\/p>\n<p>In other words, the person expected to have no pain in one specific region of their hand or foot and, as a consequence, endogenous opioids were produced in the necessary region of the brain required to deliver that precise result. As Benedetti noted, the entire brain was not flooded with endogenous opioids, only the specific region governing the hand or foot that had the placebo applied. In some ways, the human mind acts with surgical precision.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps we should rebrand the placebo effect as \u2018The specific impact of expectation or belief on the brain and body\u2019 \u2026 or maybe that\u2019s a bit of a mouthful and \u2018placebo effect\u2019 is just easier. The point is that the word placebo, for many, conjures up the idea that nothing is actually happening, that improvements really are just \u2018all in the mind\u2019. But that is simply not so.<\/p>\n<p>Expectation or belief produces real changes in the brain and body, often consistent with what the person expects or believes will happen, and these changes drive physical effects throughout the body.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, there are limits and we shouldn\u2019t automatically think that belief will instantly cure disease. It is wise to follow medical advice. But as more research is undertaken into the placebo effect, we\u2019re learning that some systems of the body previously thought inaccessible to the placebo effect are accessible after all. It just takes a little longer.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers have shown that placebos can be used to suppress the immune system, for example, and an active line of research is ongoing into PCDR \u2013 or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29610294\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Placebo Controlled Dose Reduction<\/a> \u2013 where a dose of a drug is gradually lowered and replaced by a placebo over a number of days. It\u2019s called conditioning,<\/p>\n<p>The patients get a result each time they take their meds. As the mental association between taking the drug and the result strengthens, some of the drug can be replaced by a placebo and the patient\u2019s growing conditioned belief compensates by generating its own physical effects.<\/p>\n<p>Scientists believe this might be helpful for patients who take immunosuppressant drugs, like organ transplant patients and even those who have particular autoimmune disorders. The reduction in volume of drug required as it is gradually replaced by a placebo would surely be a cost saver for society and that money could be put to other uses. And perhaps side effects would be minimised.<\/p>\n<p>We are living in an exciting time for placebo research and for research into the broader mind-body connection. We\u2019re now learning that the contents of our minds can deliver real consequences in the body.<\/p>\n<p>The skill for harnessing the effect, perhaps, is in believing that this is actually true and also learning to be more in control of the contents of our minds.<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This article is based on Chapter 2 (The Power of Believing) of, &#8216;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/How-Your-Mind-Heal-Body\/dp\/1788171497\/ref=sr_1_1_twi_pap_2?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1540457700&amp;sr=8-1&amp;keywords=how+your+mind+can+heal+your+body\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Your Mind Can Heal Your Body<\/a>&#8216;, by David R Hamilton, PhD. All references are listed at the back of the book.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/How-Your-Mind-Heal-Body\/dp\/1788171497\/ref=sr_1_1_twi_pap_2?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1540457700&amp;sr=8-1&amp;keywords=how+your+mind+can+heal+your+body\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2227 size-thumbnail lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Visualization-enhancing-the-immune-system-Dr-David-R-Hamilton-mp3-image-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 150px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 150\/150;\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2227 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidhamilton.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Visualization-enhancing-the-immune-system-Dr-David-R-Hamilton-mp3-image-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/noscript><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When I worked in the pharmaceutical industry, the placebo effect was frequently dismissed as \u2018all in the mind\u2019 or \u2018psychosomatic\u2019. It wasn\u2019t a real improvement, it was believed, merely that people \u2018think\u2019 they\u2019re feeling better. This was conventional wisdom at that time and is still a widely held belief today. When a mother kisses a&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2655,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,21],"tags":[37,57,28,177,20,184],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How belief can drive recovery - David R Hamilton PHD<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"When I worked in the pharmaceutical industry, the placebo effect was frequently dismissed as \u2018all in the mind\u2019 or \u2018psychosomatic\u2019. 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